Konstruksi Maskulinitas pada Era Orde Baru dalam Film Seperti Dendam, Rindu Harus Dibayar Tuntas

Akbar Adiwinata; Abdul Muhid; Sutarman Sutarman; Zainudin Abdussamad

doi:10.33096/didaktis.v4i1.1056

Authors

Akbar Adiwinata Universitas Bumigora
Abdul Muhid Universitas Bumigora
Sutarman Sutarman Universitas Bumigora
Zainudin Abdussamad Universitas Bumigora

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33096/didaktis.v4i1.1056

Keywords:

gender, masculinity, patriarchy, orde baru era, film

Abstract

Films often represent masculinity as a social construction shaped and legitimized by state power. This study examines how the state produces and regulates various forms of masculinity in the film Seperti Dendam, Rindu Harus Dibayar Tuntas. Rather than portraying masculinity as a single and stable identity, the film challenges state-supported hegemonic masculinity by presenting masculine identities as diverse, fluid, and continuously negotiated within particular socio-political contexts. This research employs a multimodal discourse analysis approach to explore the relationship between state authority, gender ideology, and cinematic representation. The findings indicate that the state reinforces hegemonic masculinity through regulatory practices that reproduce patriarchal values and maintain social hierarchies. At the same time, the film opens spaces of resistance, especially for heterosexual men who do not fully conform to dominant masculine norms, enabling them to renegotiate their social position within the masculine order. Although the film was produced during the Reformasi era while narratively set in the Orde Baru period, it reflects a transitional moment in which masculinity is increasingly understood as contested and unstable. The boundaries of masculinity become more flexible, allowing the emergence of new forms of gender negotiation. This study demonstrates that cinema can critically interrogate state-constructed models of masculinity while offering alternative interpretations of masculine identity in post–Orde Baru Indonesian film.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abdillah, H., Ulhaq, I., Adriansyah, F., Alfauzan, D. F. Z. S., Arzaqy, M. F., Yens, D., Syuhada, N. H., Suparianto, S., Maryaman, S., & Maulana, M. F. (2025). Membincang Hegemonik Maskulinats. Jakarta: Unusia Press.

Afdholy, N. (2019). Negosiasi Heteronormativitas pada Performativitas Transgender dalam Film Lovely Man. PARAFRASE: Jurnal Kajian Kebahasaan & Kesastraan, 19(1), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.30996/parafrase.v19i1.2368

Aldila, Niki, D. (2013). Analisis Gaya Bahasa dalam Novel Menjadi Tua dan Tersisih Karya Vanny Crisma W. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 15(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.26418/jppk.v2i3.1349

Aminudin, A., Abrar, A. N., & Kurnia, N. (2024). The Practice of Body Power and M,asculine Resistance of Male Actors in Indonesian Comedy Films of the Reform Era. International Journal of Humanities Education and Social Sciences, 4(1), 571-585. https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v4i1.1175

Barros-Grela, E. (2022). Gender Spaces in Action Films: The Mad Max Franchise. In Gender and Action Films 1980-2000. London: Emerald Publishing Limited.

Batool, E. (2018). Dimensions of Sexual Violence and Patriarchy in a Militarized state. Economic and Political Weekly, 53(47). https://www.epw.in/journal/2018/47/review womens-studies/dimensions-sexual-violence-and.html

Budiman, H. G., & Sofianto, K. (2018). Representasi Sipil-Militer dan Konstruksi Maskulinitas pada Film Jenderal Soedirman. (2015). Paradigma, 8(2), 155–173. https://doi.org/10.17510/paradigma.v8i2.220

Connell, R. W. (2017). On Hegemonic Masculinity and Violence: Response to Jefferson and Hall. In Crime, criminal justice and masculinities. London: Routledge.

Downey, L., Iacobucci, A., & Pyles, M. A. (2023). Sexualized Violence and Neoliberal Discourse. Violence Against Women. PubMed, 29(4), 527–547. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012221094071

Dvoryanchikov, N. V, Melnikova, D. V, Belova, E. D., & Bovina, I. B. (2024). Social Representations of the Body: Theory, Facts and Commentary. Psychology and Law, 14(2), 219-238. https://doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2024140312

Easteal, P., Holland, K., & Judd, K. (2015). Enduring Themes and Silences in Media Portrayals of Violence Against Women. Women’s Studies International Forum, 48(1), 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2014.10.015

Elliott, K. (2016). Caring masculinities: Theorizing an Emerging Concept. Men and Masculinities, 19(3), 240–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X15576203

Fatmawaty, L., Udasmoro, W., & Noviani, R. (2022). The Body Politics of Gendered Subjects in Indonesian Post-Reform Films. Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 14(2). 1-11. DOI:10.21659/rupkatha.v14n2.14

Foucault, M. (1978). The History of Sexuality: An Introduction. New York: Pantheon Books.

Gala, D., Khursheed, M. O., Lerner, H., O’Connor, B., & Iyyer, M. (2020). Analyzing Gender Bias Within Narrative Tropes. In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science, 4(3), 212–217. https://aclanthology.org/2020.nlpcss-1.23.pdf

Gürkan, H. (2022). The Representation of Masculinity in Cinema and on Television: An Analysis of Fictional Male Characters. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 7(1), 128-137. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v5i1.p402-408

Hegarty, B. (2021). Governing Nonconformity: Gender Presentation, Public Space, and the City in New Order Indonesia. The Journal of Asian Studies, 80(4), 955–974. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911821000747

Heriyanto, H. (2023). Patriarchal Culture, Theology and State Hegemony in Issues of Gender Equality in Indonesian Politics. International Conference Social-Humanities in Maritime and Border Area, 2(3), 11–15. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-150 0_3

Hermawan, F. F. (2017). Masculinity in Indonesian Popular Culture in the Early Era of the New Order Regime. Lingua Cultura, 11(1), 47–52. https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v11i1.1318

Hyunanda, V. F., Palacios Ramírez, J., López-Martínez, G., & Meseguer-Sánchez, V. (2021). State Ibuism and Women’s Empowerment in Indonesia: Governmentality and Political Subjectification of Chinese Benteng Women. Sustainability, 13(6), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063559

Kalmár, G. (2017). Formations of Masculinity in Post-Communist Hungarian Cinema: Labyrinthian Men. New York: Springer International Publishing.

Kasni, N. W., Asrofil, A., & Asfar, N. A. (2022). Texts and Images in Aquaman Movie (A Multimodal Discourse Analysis). International Journal of Systemic Functional Linguistics, 5(1), 23-33. DOI:10.55637/ijsfl.5.1.4917.23-33

Khan, S. I., Hudson-Rodd, N., Saggers, S., Bhuiyan, M. I., Bhuiya, A., Karim, S. A., & Rauyajin, O. (2008). Phallus, Performance and Power: Crisis of Masculinity. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 23(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681990701790635

Komalawati, E. (2017). Industri Film Indonesia: Membangun Keselarasan Ekonomi Media Film dan Kualitas Konten. LUGAS: Jurnal Komunikasi, 1(1), 1–18. DOI:10.31334/jl.v1i1.101

Kress, G., & Van Leeuwen, T. (2020). Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. New York: Routledge.

Mack, A. (2017). Film as a Mirror of Evolving Consciousness: The Politics of Representation, the Power of Social Media, and Shifting Landscapes. Thesis. California Institute of Integral Studies. San Francisco.

Madaan, N., Mehta, S., Agrawaal, T. S., Malhotra, V., Aggarwal, A., & Saxena, M. (2017). Analyzing Gender Stereotyping in Bollywood Movies. ArXiv Preprint, 2(1), 1-7. DOI:10.48550/arXiv.1710.04117

Mahmudah, Z., Udasmoro, W., & Noviani, R. (2024). Religious and Cultural Locality Narratives in the Javanese Cultural Film: An Effort to Perpetuate Patriarchal Culture. In Proceedings of the Critical Island Studies 2023 Conference (CISC 2023), 250–258. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-186-9_26

Manchanda, N., & de Haan, L. (2018). Gender, Nation, and Nationalism. In Race, Gender, and Culture in International Relations. New York: Routledge.

Martin, D. M., Ferguson, S., Hoek, J., & Hinder, C. (2021). Gender Violence: Marketplace Violence and Symbolic Violence in Social Movements. Journal of Marketing Management, 37(2), 68–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2020.1854330

Millett, K. (2000). Sexual politics. New York: University of Illinois Press.

Nagel, J. (2019). Masculinity and Nationalism: Gender and Sexuality in the Making of Nations. New York: Routledge.

Nascimento, I. R., Neves, A. L. M., Rodrigues, P. F., & Teixeira, E. (2020). Social Representations of Masculinities in the Short film “Aids, Choose Your Form of Prevention.” Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 25(1), 879–890. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413 81232020253.15802018

Noviani, R. (2018). Wacana Multimodal Menurut Gunther Kress Dan Theo Van Leeuwen: Hamparan Wacana Dari Praktik Ideologi, Media Hingga Kritik Poskolonial. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak.

Nugroho, G., & Herlina S, D. (2015). Krisis dan Paradoks Film Indonesia. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas.

Panuju, R., Abadi, T. W., & Fikri, A. (2024). An Introduction to Film Studies (Pengantar Studi Film). Malang: Inara Publisher.

Patel, V. (2024). Stereotyping and Gender Dynamics: Portrayal of Women in the Bollywood Films and Crimes of Stalking and Sexual Harassment. New York: Routledge.

Pradsmadji, S. I., & Mutmainnah, N. (2022). Indonesian Cinema: The Battle Over Censorship. IKAT: The Indonesian Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 6(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.22146/ikat.v6i1.71547

Salamah, U. (2025). FOUCAULDIAN: Kritik Hegemoni Orde Baru (Studi Karya-Karya W.S Rendra). Malang: PT Literasi Nusantara Abadi Grup.

Sartini, N. W., & Adrian, D. (2023). Symbolic Violence and Discrimination in a Social Media Comment Section: A Study on Discriminatory Discursive Strategies Targeting Non-Binary Gender Identity in the Context of Indonesia. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 10(2), 227-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2023.2270287

Shapiro, M., Ingols, C., & Blake-Beard, S. (2011). Using Power to Influence Outcomes: Does Gender Matter? Journal of Management Education, 35(5), 713–748. https://doi.org/10.1177/1052562911411089

Sherr, M., & Adedoyin, C. (2020). Global Perspectives on Manhood and Masculinity. In Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 30(1), 1–12. DOI:10.1080/10911359.2019.1681229.

Subandrio, I., Angelianawati, D., Maturbongs, A., & Nurhuda, D. A. (2025). Dominasi Lelaki dan Wacana Tubuh: Membaca Maskulinitas Dalam Novel The Story of Jan Dara Karya Ustana Phleungtham. Jentera: Jurnal Kajian Sastra, 14(1), 146—156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26499/jentera.v14i1.7918

Turner, G. (2003). British Cultural Studies: An Introduction. Routledge.

Udasmoro, W. (2013). Symbolic Violence in Everyday Narrations: Gender Construction in Indonesian Television. Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(3), 155–165.

Udasmoro, W., & Rahmawati, A. (2021). Symbolic Violence in Everyday Narrations: Gender Construction in Indonesian Television. Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(3), 155–165.

Wulan, N. (2024). Norma Maskulinitas pada Masa Orde Baru: Membaca Sastra Anak dan Remaja Indonesia dalam Perspektif Kajian Maskulinitas. Surabaya: Airlangga University Press.