Vol 2 No 2 (2024)
Articles
Echoes of Extremism: Understanding Boko Haram’s Roots and Transnational Dynamics in the Lake Chad Basin
Published
November 28, 2024
Keywords
- Boko Haram,
- Lake Chad Basin,
- Religious Extremism,
- Regional Security
How to Cite
Berebon, C. (2024). Echoes of Extremism: Understanding Boko Haram’s Roots and Transnational Dynamics in the Lake Chad Basin. Advances in Law, Pedagogy, and Multidisciplinary Humanities, 2(2), 173-187. Retrieved from https://jurnal.fs.umi.ac.id/index.php/alpamet/article/view/753
Abstract
Boko Haram, officially known as Jama’atul Ahlus Sunnah Lidda’wati wal Jihad (People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet’s Teachings and Jihad), emerged in Borno State, northeastern Nigeria, in 2002. The group’s ideology, centered on rejecting Western education and governance, quickly morphed into violent insurgency. Over time, Boko Haram's operations expanded into Cameroon, Chad, and Niger, creating a transnational security crisis in the Lake Chad Basin. This study examines the multidimensional factors underlying the group’s rise, persistence, and regional expansion. It argues that a nexus of religious extremism, socioeconomic deprivation, and weak governance has fueled Boko Haram’s growth. Moreover, similar vulnerabilities in neighboring Lake Chad Basin countries have facilitated the group’s transnational reach. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for addressing the systemic conditions enabling the insurgency's survival.
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Bates, E. (2010). The evolution of the European Convention on Human Rights: from its inception to the creation of a permanent Court of Human Rights. Oxford University Press.
Bienert, A. (2016). Action, Not Just Words: The Practical Implications of Human Rights Law for the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials. Security and Human Rights, 27(1-2), 200-220.
Brickhill, J., Corder, H., Davis, D., & Marcus, G. (2013). The administration of justice. Annual Survey of South African Law, 2013(1), 1-60.
Buergenthal, T. (1997). The normative and institutional evolution of international human rights. Human Rights Quarterly, 19(4), 703-723.
Costello, C., & Foster, M. (2016). Non-refoulement as custom and jus cogens? Putting the prohibition to the test. Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 2015: Jus Cogens: Quo Vadis?, 273-327.
Dahri, N. (2019). Global Jihad, Islamic Radicalisation and Counter Strategy. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd.
De Wet, E. (2004). The prohibition of torture as an international norm of jus cogens and its implications for national and customary law. European Journal of International Law, 15(1), 97-121.
Egan, S., Egan, S., & Roughley. (2019). Extraordinary Rendition and Human Rights. Springer International Publishing.
Elizalde, P. (2020). Human rights promotion, contestation, and politicisation in international human rights institutions: a study of the Universal Periodic Review 2008-2016 (Doctoral dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science).
Ewing, K. D., & Tham, J. C. (2008). The continuing futility of the Human Rights Act. Public law, 668, 681.
Foley, H. E. (1929). Incorporation, Multiple Incorporation, and the Conflict of Laws. Harvard Law Review, 42(4), 516-549.
Gaer, F. (2020). The Committee Against Torture: implementing the prohibition against torture. Research Handbook on Torture, 128-153.
Gil-Bazo, M. T. (2015). Refugee protection under International Human Rights Law: From non-refoulement to residence and citizenship. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 34(1), 11-42.
Greer, S. (2015). Is the prohibition against torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment really ‘absolute’in international human rights law?. Human Rights Law Review, 15(1), 101-137.
Greer, S. (2015). Is the prohibition against torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment really ‘absolute’in international human rights law?. Human Rights Law Review, 15(1), 101-137.
Hansen, V. (2007). Extraordinary Renditions and the State Secrets Privilege: Keeping Focus on the Task at Hand. NCJ Int'l L. & Com. Reg., 33, 629.
Iriye, A., Goedde, P., & Hitchcock, W. I. (Eds.). (2012). The human rights revolution: an international history (Vol. 3). Oxford University Press.
Isanga, J. (2008). Counter-Terrorism and Human Rights: The Emergence of a Rule of Customary Int'l Law from UN Resolutions. Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y, 37, 233.
Mockaitis, T. R. (2006). The new terrorism: Myths and reality. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
Morema, F. M. (2020). Violent Extremism and Terrorism in Africa-Role of Nongovernmental Organizations in Kenya and Nigeria (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
Mylroie, L. (1995). The World Trade Center Bomb: Who Is Ramzi Yousef? And Why It Matters. The National Interest, (42), 3-15.
Nowak, M., & Charbord, A. (2018). Key trends in the fight against terrorism and key aspects of international human rights law. In Using Human Rights to Counter Terrorism (pp. 12-91). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Nyarks, A. (2006). Varieties of Anaang language. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. University of Uyo.
Nyarks, A. (2012). English Mirror. Use of English and Communication Skills. Uyo: Noble Publishers & Associates.
Nyarks, A., & Campus, O. A. (2022). The Linguistic Evaluation of Anaang Syllable Structures. International Journal of Formal Education, 1(8), 1-15.
Nyarks, D. A. (2022, August). Affixation: A linguistic strategy for language development, a case study of Anaang language. In " ONLINE-CONFERENCES" PLATFORM (pp. 140-149).
Okide, U. (2020). An Analysis of Authors’ Viewpoints on Interfemale Hostility in Selected Igbo Novels. Kenneth Dike Journal of African Studies (KDJAS), 1(1).
Okide, U. (2021). Perspectives on Cultural and National Development as Reflected in Two Igbo Poems. Lagos Notes and Records, 27(1), 96-113.
Okide, U. J. (2019). Inter-Female Hostility as a Cultural Behavior in Freud’s Theory of Aggression. Culture, Precepts, and Social Change in Southeastern Nigeria: Understanding the Igbo, 113.
Okide, U. J. (2021). Perception and Artistic Presentation of the Phenomenon of Death among Igbo Poets. Sapientia, 3(2), 245-263.
Okide, U. J. (2022). CHILD ABUSE IN THE IGBO FAMILY: AN ANALYSIS OF OSUAGWU’ S NWA NGWII PUO EZE. Nigerian Journal of African Studies (NJAS), 4(1).
Okide, U. J. (2023). Cultural Views of Wealth in Traditional and Contemporary Igbo Society: Perspectives from Maduekwe’ s †œEgo na-ekwuâ€. Nigerian Journal of African Studies (NJAS), 5(2).
Parrish, A. L. (2007). Storm in a teacup: The US Supreme Court's use of foreign law. U. Ill. L. Rev., 637.
Pickering, S., McCulloch, J., Wright-Neville, D., Pickering, S., McCulloch, J., & Wright-Neville, D. (2008). Counter-terrorism policing (pp. 91-111). Springer New York.
Richards, I. (2020). ‘Sustainable Development’, Counter-terrorism and the Prevention of Violent Extremism: Right-wing Nationalism and Neo-jihadism in Context. In The Emerald Handbook of Crime, Justice and Sustainable Development (pp. 397-418). Emerald Publishing Limited.
Roxstrom, E., & Gibney, M. (2017). Human rights and state jurisdiction. Human Rights Review, 18(2), 129-150.
Udo, I. L., & Udoh, M. (2023). Moral Education and Corruption in Nigeria: A Reflection on Plato's Counsel on Education. IILARD Journal of Humanities and Social Policy, 9(1), 1-12.
Udoh, M. O. S. E. S. (2013). Challenges and Prospects for Developing Scientific And Technological Attitude In Africa. African Journal of Culture, Philosophy and Society: Aworom Annang, 3(1), 7-15.
Udoh, M. O. S. E. S. (2013). The Place of Mythological Metaphysics in Social Control. Journal of Complementary Reflection: Studies of Asouzu, 3(1), 45-53.
Udoh, M. O. S. E. S. (2014). Socialization and Society: The Family System as a Basic Unit.
Udoh, M., & Umotong, I. (2013). Environment Sustainability and Renewablity. Elements of History and Philosophy of Science.
Uloma, O. V., Mbonu, C. N., Onuorah, A. C., Mbarah, G. O., Anyacho, E. O., Orji, M. B., ... & Eucharia, O. E. (2019). Culture, Precepts, and Social Change in Southeastern Nigeria: Understanding the Igbo. Rowman & Littlefield.
United Nations. General Assembly, & Emmerson, B. (2014). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms While Countering Terrorism: Addendum: Mission to Burkina Faso. United Nations General Assembly.
Van Aggelen, J. (2009). The consequences of unlawful preemption and the legal duty to protect the human rights of its victims. Case W. Res. J. Int'l L., 42, 21.
Vermeulen, M. (2015). Assessing counter-terrorism as a matter of human rights: Perspectives from the European Court of Human Rights. In The Impact, Legitimacy and Effectiveness of EU Counter-Terrorism (pp. 65-92). Routledge
Villiers, P. (2009). Police and policing: An introduction. Waterside Press.
Ward, C. A. (2003). Building capacity to combat international terrorism: The role of the United Nations Security Council. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 8(2), 289-305.
Webber, D. (2016). Preventive detention of terror suspects: A new legal framework. Routledge.