Vol 3 No 1 (2025)
Articles
The Nexus Between Security, Human Development, and Economic Stability: Addressing Insecurity as a Threat to National Growth in Nigeria
Published
January 10, 2025
Keywords
- Security,
- Human Development,
- Economic Stability,
- Insecurity,
- Nigeria
How to Cite
Berebon, C. (2025). The Nexus Between Security, Human Development, and Economic Stability: Addressing Insecurity as a Threat to National Growth in Nigeria. Advances in Law, Pedagogy, and Multidisciplinary Humanities, 3(1), 28-47. Retrieved from https://jurnal.fs.umi.ac.id/index.php/alpamet/article/view/851
Abstract
Community insecurity in Nigeria raises critical human, economic, and political security concerns that demand attention from scholars and policymakers on a global scale. The complexity of these issues has led to the adoption of various security strategies, ranging from localized self-help security arrangements and community policing initiatives to joint security task forces at state and federal levels. Despite these efforts, the root causes of insecurity—such as social inequality, marginalization, weak institutions, human rights abuses, bad governance, poverty, globalization, militarization of migration, constitutional violations, and pervasive corruption—continue to exacerbate the situation. This study seeks to explore the emerging threats posed by community insecurity to human, economic, and political stability in Nigeria. The research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing library-based techniques to gather data and analyze the multifaceted dimensions of the problem. The findings emphasize that security and development are not mutually exclusive but are instead deeply interdependent. Addressing one without the other risks perpetuating the cycle of insecurity and underdevelopment. To tackle these issues effectively, the study suggests that a more robust and inclusive approach is necessary. A stronger engagement between security providers and local communities is paramount. This engagement must foster trust and cooperation, ensuring that security measures align with the unique needs and dynamics of individual communities. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of addressing the systemic issues that fuel insecurity. This includes reforming institutions to strengthen governance, promoting social and economic inclusion, upholding human rights, and combating corruption at all levels. Addressing Nigeria's insecurity challenges requires a holistic strategy that goes beyond immediate responses to crises. It demands a long-term commitment to building resilient communities through sustainable development and effective governance. Collaborative efforts involving state actors, local communities, and international partners are essential to creating a secure and stable environment conducive to economic growth and social cohesion.
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Oladipo, S.B. (2013). Vision 20-20-20 and the menace of vandalism: Xlibris Corporation.
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/addressing-the-insecurity-in-the-south-east/
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(54-75).
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Evans, O. & Kelikume, I. (2018). The effects of foreign direct investment, trade, aid, remittances and tourism on welfare under terrorism and militancy. International Journal of Management, Economics and Social Sciences.7 (3), 206-232.
Evans, O. & Kelikume, I. (2019). The impact of poverty, unemployment, inequality, corruption and poor governance on Niger Delta militancy, Boko Haram terrorism and Fulani herdsmen attacks in Nigeria, International Journal of Management, Economics and Social Sciences (IJMESS), ISSN 2304-1366, IJMESS International Publishers, Jersey
City, NJ, 8 (2), 58-80, http://dx.doi.org/10.32327/IJMESS/ 8.2.2019.5
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Gandhi, Y. (2022). Economic Security: Meaning Importance and Types. Analyticssteps. Economic
Security: Meaning, Importance and Types | Analytics Steps
Gavin, M. (2022): https://www.cfr.org/nigeria/nigeria-security-tracker/p29483).
Hassan, O. (2015) “Political security: from the 1990s to the Arab Spring“, Contemporary
Politics, 21:1, pp.86-99 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/ 13569775
.2014.993907
Hazen, J. & Horner, J (2007). Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria: The Niger Delta in Perspective, Switzerland: Small Arms Survey.
Hendrix, S. (2016). Combating terrorism and violent extremism in Nigeria: Defining a new approach to winning modern Jihadist conflict. The International Lawyer. 49(3), 427-450.
Human Rights Watch (2019). Nigeria Widespread Violence Ushers in President’s New Term:
Investigate Attacks, Ensure Justice. https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/06/10/nigeria widespread-violence-ushers-presidents-new-term
Igbuzor, O. (2011). Peace and Security Education: A Critical Factor for Sustainable Peace and National Development, International Journal of Peace and Development Studies. 2(1), 1-7, January.
Ikelegbe, A. (2006). Beyond the threshold of civil struggle: youth militancy and the militarization of the resource conflicts in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. African Study Monographs.
27(3), 87-122
Imhonopi, D. & Urim, U. (2013). The Development of Labor Movements and State
Interference. The Nigerian Experience. The Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (JSDA). Clarion University Pennsylvania USA. 12 (2), 236-252.
Institute for Economics and Peace (n.d) Retreived from: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, IDMC, (2020). https://www.internal-displacement.org /countries/nigeria
International Committee of Red Cross, ICRC (2012). Enhancing Protection for Civilians in Armed
Conflict and other situations of violence, Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/icrc-002-0956.pdf International Labour Organisation (n.d.). What we mean when we say “Economic Security”. Definitions final_1.PDF (ilo.org)
Jae, Y. (2018). Restructuring Insecurity and Religious Extremism in Africa. Kaduna Journal of Political Science. Vol. 5, No. 1 June 2018, pp 195-216.
Kazuto, S. (n.d.). Modern Economic Security: Definition and Arguments. Discuss Japan, Japan
Foreign Policy Forum. DJweb_66_dip_04.pdf (japanpolicyforum.jp)
Kiras, J. (2007). Irregular warfare: Terrorism and insurgency. Understanding Modern Warfare,
224.
Lindström, P. (2015). Police and crime in rural and small Swedish municipalities. J. Rural Stud., 39, 271-277
McGrew, T. (1988). “Security and Order” in Smith, M., Smith, S. & White, B. (eds.), British Foreign Policy Tradition, Change and Transformation. London: Allen and Unwin Ltd.
Miapyen, B. &, Bozkurt, U. (2020) Capital, the State, and Environmental Pollution in Nigeria. SAGE Open. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020975018
Mustafa C. (2016). Terrorism versus insurgency: a conceptual analysis. Crime Law Soc Change. DOI 10.1007/s10611-015-9601-7, Springer.
Nairametrics (2020, August 14) 13.9 million Nigerian youth are unemployed – NBS.
https://nairametrics.com/2020/08/14/13-9-million-nigerian-youth-are-unemployed-as-at-q22020- nbs/
National Network (July 3, 2019). Why RUGA Settlement was Suspended- President. Nigeria Country Commercial Guide, International Trade Administration, (2021). https://www
.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/nigeria-safety-and-security
NSRP (2017). Lessons Learned: State-Citizen Platforms. December 2017, http://www.nsrpnigeria.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/12/Lessons-Learned-Addressing-Grievance-through- StateCitizen-Platforms.pdf.
OAU Kampala Document (1991). Towards a Conference on Security, Stability, Development and Co-operation in Africa.
OECD, Development Assistance Committee Guidelines (2000). Helping Prevent Violent Conflict,
OECD, Paris.
O’Grady, S. (2015, November 18). In Nigeria, $2 Billion in Stolen Funds Is Just a Drop in the Corruption Bucket. FP News. https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/ 11/18/in-nigeria-2-billion-in-stolen-funds-isjust-a-drop-in-the-corruption-bucket/
Okereke, N.C. (2012) Implementing the Nigeria defence policy: reflection and the Boko Haram crisis, Nigeria Defence and Security: Policies and Strategies. Medusa Academic Publisher Ltd
Okoli, A. & Nachanaa, A. (2016). Militancy and the dilemma of Petro rentier criminality in the Niger Delta. Online Journal of Arts, Management & Social Sciences, 1(1), 219-237.
Okonofua, B. (2016). The Niger-Delta amnesty program: The challenges of transitioning from peace settlement to long term peace (pp.1–16). SAGE Open.
Oladipo, S.B. (2013). Vision 20-20-20 and the menace of vandalism: Xlibris Corporation.
Olaiya, T. (2021, June 18). Nigeria ranks 146th on Global Peace Index, 8th least peaceful in Africa. The Guardian.
Olu-Adeyemi, L. (2017). Deprivation, frustration and aggression: an interrogation of Fulani herdsmen terror in Nigeria. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 4(15), 1-13. Olaiya, T. (2021, June 18). Nigeria ranks 146th on Global Peace Index, 8th least peaceful in Africa. The Guardian.
Olawale, I. (2003). Youth, culture, state collapse and nation building in West Africa: The nexus revisited. Paper presented at the Council for the Development Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA), West Africa Sub-Regional Conference, 6-7 September. Cotonou, Benin.
Oluwa, K. (2012). Fixing Nigeria: Good Governance as the Missing Link. Retrieve
from:http:newsbreaknigeria.com/.../Fixing+ Nigeria%3 A+Good+gove rna
Omede, A. J. (2012). Nigeria: Analysing the Security challenges of the Goodluck Jonathan Administration. Canadian Social Science, 7(5), 90-102.
Onuegbu, O. (2021, September 26). Revealed! Real Cause of Insecurity in South East. Blueprint https://www.blueprint.ng/revealed-real-cause-of-insecurity-in-south-east/
Onuoha, C. (2021, April 26). Corruption: Nigeria loses over $15 billion to illicit financial flow annually- HEDA. Vanguard. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/04/corruption-nigeria- loses over15-billion-to-illicit-financial-flow-annually-heda/
Reuters (2016, Jan. 22). Nigeria's former security adviser in first high-profile graft trial. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-nigeria-corruption-idUKKCN0V018T
Sahara Reporters (2021, September 23). Names of 45 out of 400 suspected Boko Haram Sponsors Buhari Government is Hiding from Nigerians. New York. saharareporters.com/2021/09/23/ exclusive-names-45-out-400-suspected-boko-haram-sponsors-buhari-government-hiding
Salawu, B. (2010). Ethno-Religious Conflicts in Nigeria: Causal Analysis and Proposals for New Management Strategies, European Journal of Social Sciences, 13(3), 345-353.
Stremlau, J. (1999). The evils of ethnic politics. This Day. https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.
php/2021/04/21/analysing-ethnicity-ethnic-crises-in-nigeria-and-its-management/ Accessed: 2021-1-26.
Tanko, A. (2021, July 19). Nigeria's security crises - five different threats. BBC.
The Nigeria-South Africa Chamber of Commerce (2021, April 8). Security Challenges in Nigeria and the implications. Annualbusinessconferenceeconomicsforumgeneral news
https://nsacc.org.ng/event/nsacc-october-2021-webinar-breakfast-meeting- thursday-28thoctober-2021/
The Punch (2021, September 29). FG Plans re-equipping, Increasing Security Personnel to Tackle Rising Insecurity. https://guardian.ng/news/fg-plans-re-equipping-increasing-security personnel-to-tackle-rising-insecurity/
The Sun (2021). Addressing the insecurity in the South East. https://www.sunnewsonline.com
/addressing-the-insecurity-in-the-south-east/
The Sun (2021, July 2). Nigeria’s abysmal ranking in Global Peace Index. In Editorial.
Tamošiūnienė, R., & Munteanu, C. (2015). Modern Approaches in Quantifying Economic Security. Case Sudy of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Republic of Moldova. Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues: International Entrepreneurial Perspectives and Innovative. Outcomes 4.4, p. 596 - 610
UNDP (1994). Human Development Report. New York: Oxford University Press.
United Nations office for the Coordination of |Humanitarian Affairs (n.d.). Human Security in Theory and Practice: Application of the Human Security Concept and the United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security.
U.S. Army, Field Manual FM-3.0 (Operations) (2008) at 2-1.
Usman, A. A. (2012). Political Insecurity in Nigeria: A Human Security Approach (1999-2007). Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, Internayional Islamic University, Malaysia. Ufot, A., Phenson, U., Ojie, Esin, J. & Atai, A. (2014). Essential Elements of Security and their Applications in Ensuring Stability and Integration of Nigeria. International Journal of Politics and Good Governance, 5 (5.3) Quarter III 2014 ISSN: 0976 – 1195 1
Ukeje, C. (2001). Oil communities and political violence: The case of ethnic Ijaws in Nigeria’s delta region. Terrorism and Political Violence, 13(4), 15–36.
United Nations Assembly (2015).
Uzoechina, L. (2017). Connected Security: The Missing Links in the Evolving Regional Approach to countering violent extremism in West Africa. African Policy Journal, Cambridge, 13
(54-75).
Violations and abuses committed by Boko Haram and the impact on human rights in the countries affected, Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. A/HRC 30/67, GE 15-21666 (E).
Zedner, L. (2000). The pursuit of security. In T. Hope and R. Sparks (eds) Crime, Risk and Insecurity, Routledge.