Vol 3 No 1 (2025)
Articles
Continuity in Indigenous Institutions for Capital Formation among the Igbo in Post-Colonial Nigeria, 1970–2020
Published
April 21, 2025
Keywords
- Indigenous Institutions,
- Capital Formation,
- Igbo,
- Post-Colonial Nigeria
How to Cite
Ahamefule, I. (2025). Continuity in Indigenous Institutions for Capital Formation among the Igbo in Post-Colonial Nigeria, 1970–2020. Advances in Law, Pedagogy, and Multidisciplinary Humanities, 3(1), 209-226. Retrieved from https://jurnal.fs.umi.ac.id/index.php/alpamet/article/view/910
Abstract
Among the Igbo of southeastern Nigeria, traditional institutions have long served as mechanisms for capital formation, enabling individuals and communities to mobilize resources for collective and personal needs. These institutions include contribution clubs (Isusu), family and extended family pools, age-grade associations, title-taking societies, pawning, inheritance, land and economic tree pledging, Imachi Nkwu (palm tree inheritance), and Ilu-Elulu (custody of domestic animals). Despite confrontations from internal and external forces—primarily colonialism, Christianity, Western education, and urbanization—many of these indigenous financial systems have persisted, albeit in modified forms. This paper examines the resilience of these institutions from 1970 to 2020, analyzing the factors that have sustained their existence despite significant socio-economic transformations.
References
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Ben, A. O., & Duke, E. O. (2025). The Significance of Anthropological Method and Approaches in Academic Study of Museum, Religion and Culture. African Journal of Literature and Humanities, 6(1), 228-239.
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Etim, V. E., Duke, E. O., & Okon, E. A. (2024). Phonological Processes in Children with Language Disorders. system, 9, 214-229.
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Ibekwe, E. (2022). Annual financial reporting in Nnewi traditional system. African Governance Review, 11(2), 112-129.
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Iwuagwu, O. (2018). The kola nut credit system in Aba textile markets. African Business History, 7(1), 34-52.
Iwuagwu, O. (2021). Funeral contributions as investment capital in Owerri. Igbo Economic Studies, 9(3), 78-95.
Iwuagwu, O. (2023). The economics of contemporary Igbo burials. Death Studies in Africa, 14(2), 145-162.
Kalu, O. U. (2003). The embattled gods: Christianization of Igboland 1841-1991. Africa World Press.
Meagher, K. (2010). Identity economics: Social networks and the informal economy in Nigeria. James Currey.
Meagher, K. (2022). Hybrid governance in postcolonial Africa. Journal of Modern African Studies, 60(3), 389-412.
Meagher, K. (2023). Indigenous economies in digital age: West African perspectives. Cambridge University Press.
Metuh, E. I. (1985). Comparative studies of African traditional religions. IMICO.
Mustapha, A. R. (1987). The 1978 Land Use Act and agrarian relations in Nigeria. Journal of African Law, 31(1-2), 61-84.
NAI. (1931). National Archives Ibadan: Colonial records on Igbo economic practices. File No. EP 8953.
Njoku, R. C. (2016). The history of Nigeria. Greenwood Press.
Njoku, R. C. (2020). Kinship networks as economic safety nets. African Social Studies, 18(2), 67-84.
Njoku, R. C. (2021). Age grade systems as natural pension funds. Journal of Aging in Africa, 5(1), 23-41.
Nwabara, S. N. (1975). Igboland: A century of contact with Britain, 1860-1960. Hodder & Stoughton.
Nwabara, S. N. (1978). Shadow economies in colonial Igboland. University of Lagos Press.
Nwabughuogu, A. I. (1984). The Isusu: An institution for capital formation among the Igbo. Journal of African Studies, 11(3), 25-38.
Nwafor, A. (2023). Ritual economies in contemporary Africa. Economic Anthropology, 10(1), 78-95.
Nwala, T. U. (1985). Igbo philosophy. Lantern Books.
Nwala, T. U. (2017). Traditional accounting systems in Igboland. African Historical Finance, 12(1), 45-63.
Nwala, T. U. (2018). Progressive taxation in pre-colonial Igbo societies. Journal of African Economic History, 46, 89-107.
Nwankwo, O. (2018). The Igba Boy apprenticeship system. African Entrepreneurship Review, 9(2), 34-52.
Nwankwo, O. (2021). Digital traditionalism: Mobile apps and Igbo savings culture. Journal of African Digital Innovation, 8(1), 34-50.
Nwankwo, O. (2022). Social sanctions in digital Isusu platforms. Information Technology & People, 35(4), 1450-1468.
Nwaozuzu, C. (2020). August Meeting and women’s collective finance. African Gender Studies, 11(3), 112-129.
Nwokeji, G. U. (2011). The slave trade and culture in the Bight of Biafra: An African society in the Atlantic world. Cambridge University Press.
Nwosu, C. (2019). Post-war entrepreneurship and traditional mentorship. African Business History, 8(2), 67-84.
Nwosu, C. (2020). Social capitalism in Igbo economic systems. Review of African Political Economy, 47(164), 256-274.
Nwosu, C. (2021). Funeral committees as investment pools. African Financial Systems, 14(3), 89-104.
Nwosu, C. (2022). Traditional arbitration in modern business disputes. Journal of Legal Pluralism, 54(1), 78-95.
Nwosu, C. (2023). Indigenous economic systems and sustainable development. Routledge.
Nzimiro, I. (1972). Studies in Ibo political systems. University of California Press.
Oguejiofor, J. (2015). Palm oil and economic memory in Igboland. African Economic History, 43, 77-95.
Oguejiofor, J. (2018). Modified apprenticeship models in digital age. African Technological Studies, 12(2), 56-73.
Ojukwu, N. (2023). Omu Digital platform and women’s economic empowerment. Feminist Africa, 24(1), 89-104.
Okafor, S. (2001). The Nkwado system and post-SAP entrepreneurship. Nigerian Journal of Economic History, 4(1), 45-63.
Okafor, S. (2004). Kinship networks during economic crises. African Resilience Studies, 7(2), 112-129.
Okafor, S. (2018). Age grades as social impact investors. Community Development Journal, 53(3), 456-473.
Okeke, C. (2020). Converting cultural capital to financial capital. African Economic Anthropology, 8(1), 34-52.
Okeke, C. (2021). Social audits in traditional governance systems. African Governance, 14(2), 78-95.
Okeke, C. (2022). Festival economies and business cycles. Event Management, 26(4), 789-803.
Okoko, C. O., & Ahamefule, I. C. (2023). Historicizing Political Dichotomy Among the Double Unilineal but Prevalently Matrilineal Cross River Igbo. British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies, 4(5), 1-26.
Okon, I. E., & Ahamefule, I. C. (2023). INDIGENOUS Agrarian Institutions For Capital Formations Among The Ibibio People, 1900-2000. Akwa Ibom State University Journal Of Arts, 4(1).
Okonjo, K. (1974). The role of women in the economic development of Nigeria. African Urban Notes, 9(1), 45-53.
Okonkwo, R. (2007). Ozo title treasuries in Awka history. Igbo Historical Review, 5(1), 23-41.
Onyeagocha, S. (2005). Economic resistance in colonial Igboland. Fourth Dimension.
Ostrom, E. (2010). Polycentric systems for coping with collective action and global environmental change. Global Environmental Change, 20(4), 550-557.
Ota, E. N., Okoko, C. O., & Ahamefule, I. C. (2022). Fiscal federalism and resource control in Nigeria: Deconstructing conundrum. Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 10(1), 1-20.
Ottenberg, S. (1958). Ibo receptivity to change. Northwestern University Press.
Punch. (2023). Nwanyi Ike collective marriage and textile cooperative. https://punchng.com
Shaw, T. (1970). Igbo-Ukwu: An account of archaeological discoveries in eastern Nigeria. Faber & Faber.
SMEDAN. (2023). Entrepreneurship training in Nigeria: Comparing formal and informal systems. Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria.
Sun. (2023). Ngwa youth initiation and business competitions. https://sunnewsonline.com
Talbot, P. A. (1926). The peoples of southern Nigeria: A sketch of their history, ethnology and languages. Oxford University Press.
TechCabal. (2023). IsusuPay and OzoCoin: Fintech meets tradition. https://techcabal.com
TechNext. (2023). Ofo Chain project and blockchain accountability. https://technext.ng
ThisDay. (2023). Gender reforms in Lagos-based age grades. https://thisdaylive.com
Ubah, C. N. (1991). African indigenous education systems: Igbo traditional education as a case study. Fourth Dimension.
Ubah, C. N. (2022). Business networking at Igbo funerals. African Ritual Studies, 15(1), 45-63.
Uchendu, V. C. (1965). The Igbo of Southeast Nigeria. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Uchendu, V. C. (1967). Kinship and entrepreneurship in southeastern Nigeria. African Entrepreneurship, 2(1), 23-41.
Umeji, A. (2001). Archaeological evidence of age grade financing in Arochukwu. West African Journal of Archaeology, 31(1), 45-63.
Umezuruike, C. (2020). Dual land registration systems in southeastern Nigeria. Land Use Policy, 95, 1-12.
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Usendok, I. G., Akpan, A., & Ekpe, A. N. (2022). Effect of Board Size and Board Composition on Organizational Performance of Selected Banks in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Management Review, 10(5), 1-25.
Uto, S. C., Uwa, K. L., & Akpan, A. (2024). Knowledge management and competitive advantage in selected manufacturing firms in Akwa Ibom State. International Journal of Business and Management Review, 12(1), 1-20.
Vanguard. (2022). Nri new yam festival economic impact. https://vanguardngr.com
Vanguard. (2022). Umuhu women’s hospital project. https://vanguardngr.com
Afigbo, A. E. (1972). The warrant chiefs: Indirect rule in southeastern Nigeria, 1891-1929. Humanities Press.
Afigbo, A. E. (1981). Ropes of sand: Studies in Igbo history and culture. University Press Limited.
Ahamefule, I. C. (2018). Land Pledging (Igba-(Ala) Ibe): A Veritable Indigenous Source of Capital Formation among the Igbo of Southeast, Nigeria. (ICHEKE) A Multi-Disciplinary Journal of the Faculty of Humanities, 16(4), 97-110.
Ajayi, J. F. A. (1965). Christian missions in Nigeria 1841-1891: The making of a new elite. Longman.
Amadi, L. (2019). Dowry reinvestment programs in contemporary Igboland. African Economic Review, 47(2), 112-129.
Amadi, L. (2023). Modern adaptations of bridewealth economics. Journal of African Marriage Systems, 15(1), 45-63.
Amadiume, I. (1987). Male daughters, female husbands: Gender and sex in an African society. Zed Books.
ANSSA. (2023). Anambra State community land titling initiative: First year report. Anambra State Sustainable Development Agency.
Arinze, F. (1995). Sacrifice in Igbo religion. Ibadan University Press.
Basden, G. T. (1921). Among the Ibos of Nigeria. Seeley, Service & Co.
Bastian, M. L. (1996). Female “alhajis” and entrepreneurial fashion: Flexible identities in southeastern Nigerian clothing practice. Ethnology, 35(1), 33-47.
Ben, A. O., & Duke, E. O. (2025). The Significance of Anthropological Method and Approaches in Academic Study of Museum, Religion and Culture. African Journal of Literature and Humanities, 6(1), 228-239.
Bien, E., Osigwe, E., & Duke, E. O. (2003). Protestant Reformation of the 16th Century and Its Moral Lessons for the Church in Africa. Nacaths Journal of Theology, 13(April Issue), 24-30.
BusinessDay. (2022). Age grade financing in modern Igbo communities. https://businessday.ng
BusinessDay. (2023). The economic impact of Igbo masquerade festivals. https://businessday.ng
CBN. (2022). Guidelines for integrating traditional financial systems into microfinance. Central Bank of Nigeria.
CBN. (2023). Diaspora remittance patterns in southeastern Nigeria. Central Bank of Nigeria.
Chukwu, E. (2022). Women’s title systems and community development in Nkpor. Igbo Studies Review, 8(2), 78-95.
Chukwu, E. (2023). Umuada financial oversight in contemporary Igboland. African Gender Studies, 12(1), 34-52.
Chukwueke, B. F. (2013). Communal land tenure in Isuikwuato: An ethnographic study. Pan African Press.
Diaspora Affairs. (2023). e-Ozo title system in Houston: Case study. Office of Diaspora Affairs.
Dike, K. O. (1990). Trade and politics in the Niger Delta 1830-1885. Clarendon Press.
Duru, I. U., Eze, M. A., Yusuf, A., Udo, A. A., & Saleh, A. S. (2022). Influence of motivation on workers’ performance at the University of Abuja. International Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, 7(2), 69-84.
EFInA. (2023). Comparative analysis of loan default rates in Nigeria. Enhancing Financial Innovation & Access.
Ekwe-Ekwe, H. (1991). The Biafra war: Nigeria and the aftermath. Edwin Mellen Press.
Emejulu, O. (2023). Blockchain applications in traditional age grade systems. Journal of African Digital Innovation, 10(2), 67-82.
Etim, V. E., Duke, E. O., & Okon, E. A. (2024). Phonological Processes in Children with Language Disorders. system, 9, 214-229.
Eze, C. (2018). Hometown investment cooperatives in urban Nigeria. Urban Africa, 7(3), 112-128.
Eze, C. (2023). Hybrid title systems in digital age. African Technological Studies, 15(1), 45-62.
Ezeanya, C. (2016). Title societies as indigenous credit bureaus. African Economic History, 44, 89-104.
Ezeanya, C. (2017). Urban-rural economic networks in southeastern Nigeria. African Economic Review, 45(2), 89-104.
Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 253-267.
Forbes Africa. (2022). Innoson Motors: The traditional roots of an industrial giant. https://www.forbesafrica.com
Green, M. M. (1947). Igbo village affairs. Frank Cass.
Guardian. (2023). Green Ozo initiative and environmental restoration in Enugu. https://guardian.ng
Henderson, R. N. (1972). The king in every man: Evolutionary trends in Onitsha Ibo society and culture. Yale University Press.
Ibekwe, E. (2021). Traditional creditworthiness certification in modern banking. Nigerian Financial Review, 29(4), 56-73.
Ibekwe, E. (2022). Annual financial reporting in Nnewi traditional system. African Governance Review, 11(2), 112-129.
Iheanacho, N. (2016). Post-war reconstruction in Nekede: Oral history project. Owerri Cultural Foundation.
IUCN. (2023). Sacred groves as carbon credit projects: Nigeria case study. International Union for Conservation of Nature.
Iwuagwu, O. (2018). The kola nut credit system in Aba textile markets. African Business History, 7(1), 34-52.
Iwuagwu, O. (2021). Funeral contributions as investment capital in Owerri. Igbo Economic Studies, 9(3), 78-95.
Iwuagwu, O. (2023). The economics of contemporary Igbo burials. Death Studies in Africa, 14(2), 145-162.
Kalu, O. U. (2003). The embattled gods: Christianization of Igboland 1841-1991. Africa World Press.
Meagher, K. (2010). Identity economics: Social networks and the informal economy in Nigeria. James Currey.
Meagher, K. (2022). Hybrid governance in postcolonial Africa. Journal of Modern African Studies, 60(3), 389-412.
Meagher, K. (2023). Indigenous economies in digital age: West African perspectives. Cambridge University Press.
Metuh, E. I. (1985). Comparative studies of African traditional religions. IMICO.
Mustapha, A. R. (1987). The 1978 Land Use Act and agrarian relations in Nigeria. Journal of African Law, 31(1-2), 61-84.
NAI. (1931). National Archives Ibadan: Colonial records on Igbo economic practices. File No. EP 8953.
Njoku, R. C. (2016). The history of Nigeria. Greenwood Press.
Njoku, R. C. (2020). Kinship networks as economic safety nets. African Social Studies, 18(2), 67-84.
Njoku, R. C. (2021). Age grade systems as natural pension funds. Journal of Aging in Africa, 5(1), 23-41.
Nwabara, S. N. (1975). Igboland: A century of contact with Britain, 1860-1960. Hodder & Stoughton.
Nwabara, S. N. (1978). Shadow economies in colonial Igboland. University of Lagos Press.
Nwabughuogu, A. I. (1984). The Isusu: An institution for capital formation among the Igbo. Journal of African Studies, 11(3), 25-38.
Nwafor, A. (2023). Ritual economies in contemporary Africa. Economic Anthropology, 10(1), 78-95.
Nwala, T. U. (1985). Igbo philosophy. Lantern Books.
Nwala, T. U. (2017). Traditional accounting systems in Igboland. African Historical Finance, 12(1), 45-63.
Nwala, T. U. (2018). Progressive taxation in pre-colonial Igbo societies. Journal of African Economic History, 46, 89-107.
Nwankwo, O. (2018). The Igba Boy apprenticeship system. African Entrepreneurship Review, 9(2), 34-52.
Nwankwo, O. (2021). Digital traditionalism: Mobile apps and Igbo savings culture. Journal of African Digital Innovation, 8(1), 34-50.
Nwankwo, O. (2022). Social sanctions in digital Isusu platforms. Information Technology & People, 35(4), 1450-1468.
Nwaozuzu, C. (2020). August Meeting and women’s collective finance. African Gender Studies, 11(3), 112-129.
Nwokeji, G. U. (2011). The slave trade and culture in the Bight of Biafra: An African society in the Atlantic world. Cambridge University Press.
Nwosu, C. (2019). Post-war entrepreneurship and traditional mentorship. African Business History, 8(2), 67-84.
Nwosu, C. (2020). Social capitalism in Igbo economic systems. Review of African Political Economy, 47(164), 256-274.
Nwosu, C. (2021). Funeral committees as investment pools. African Financial Systems, 14(3), 89-104.
Nwosu, C. (2022). Traditional arbitration in modern business disputes. Journal of Legal Pluralism, 54(1), 78-95.
Nwosu, C. (2023). Indigenous economic systems and sustainable development. Routledge.
Nzimiro, I. (1972). Studies in Ibo political systems. University of California Press.
Oguejiofor, J. (2015). Palm oil and economic memory in Igboland. African Economic History, 43, 77-95.
Oguejiofor, J. (2018). Modified apprenticeship models in digital age. African Technological Studies, 12(2), 56-73.
Ojukwu, N. (2023). Omu Digital platform and women’s economic empowerment. Feminist Africa, 24(1), 89-104.
Okafor, S. (2001). The Nkwado system and post-SAP entrepreneurship. Nigerian Journal of Economic History, 4(1), 45-63.
Okafor, S. (2004). Kinship networks during economic crises. African Resilience Studies, 7(2), 112-129.
Okafor, S. (2018). Age grades as social impact investors. Community Development Journal, 53(3), 456-473.
Okeke, C. (2020). Converting cultural capital to financial capital. African Economic Anthropology, 8(1), 34-52.
Okeke, C. (2021). Social audits in traditional governance systems. African Governance, 14(2), 78-95.
Okeke, C. (2022). Festival economies and business cycles. Event Management, 26(4), 789-803.
Okoko, C. O., & Ahamefule, I. C. (2023). Historicizing Political Dichotomy Among the Double Unilineal but Prevalently Matrilineal Cross River Igbo. British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies, 4(5), 1-26.
Okon, I. E., & Ahamefule, I. C. (2023). INDIGENOUS Agrarian Institutions For Capital Formations Among The Ibibio People, 1900-2000. Akwa Ibom State University Journal Of Arts, 4(1).
Okonjo, K. (1974). The role of women in the economic development of Nigeria. African Urban Notes, 9(1), 45-53.
Okonkwo, R. (2007). Ozo title treasuries in Awka history. Igbo Historical Review, 5(1), 23-41.
Onyeagocha, S. (2005). Economic resistance in colonial Igboland. Fourth Dimension.
Ostrom, E. (2010). Polycentric systems for coping with collective action and global environmental change. Global Environmental Change, 20(4), 550-557.
Ota, E. N., Okoko, C. O., & Ahamefule, I. C. (2022). Fiscal federalism and resource control in Nigeria: Deconstructing conundrum. Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 10(1), 1-20.
Ottenberg, S. (1958). Ibo receptivity to change. Northwestern University Press.
Punch. (2023). Nwanyi Ike collective marriage and textile cooperative. https://punchng.com
Shaw, T. (1970). Igbo-Ukwu: An account of archaeological discoveries in eastern Nigeria. Faber & Faber.
SMEDAN. (2023). Entrepreneurship training in Nigeria: Comparing formal and informal systems. Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria.
Sun. (2023). Ngwa youth initiation and business competitions. https://sunnewsonline.com
Talbot, P. A. (1926). The peoples of southern Nigeria: A sketch of their history, ethnology and languages. Oxford University Press.
TechCabal. (2023). IsusuPay and OzoCoin: Fintech meets tradition. https://techcabal.com
TechNext. (2023). Ofo Chain project and blockchain accountability. https://technext.ng
ThisDay. (2023). Gender reforms in Lagos-based age grades. https://thisdaylive.com
Ubah, C. N. (1991). African indigenous education systems: Igbo traditional education as a case study. Fourth Dimension.
Ubah, C. N. (2022). Business networking at Igbo funerals. African Ritual Studies, 15(1), 45-63.
Uchendu, V. C. (1965). The Igbo of Southeast Nigeria. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Uchendu, V. C. (1967). Kinship and entrepreneurship in southeastern Nigeria. African Entrepreneurship, 2(1), 23-41.
Umeji, A. (2001). Archaeological evidence of age grade financing in Arochukwu. West African Journal of Archaeology, 31(1), 45-63.
Umezuruike, C. (2020). Dual land registration systems in southeastern Nigeria. Land Use Policy, 95, 1-12.
UNDP. (2023). The economic impact of indigenous ceremonies in Nigeria. United Nations Development Programme.
Usendok, I. G., Akpan, A., & Ekpe, A. N. (2022). Effect of Board Size and Board Composition on Organizational Performance of Selected Banks in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Management Review, 10(5), 1-25.
Uto, S. C., Uwa, K. L., & Akpan, A. (2024). Knowledge management and competitive advantage in selected manufacturing firms in Akwa Ibom State. International Journal of Business and Management Review, 12(1), 1-20.
Vanguard. (2022). Nri new yam festival economic impact. https://vanguardngr.com
Vanguard. (2022). Umuhu women’s hospital project. https://vanguardngr.com