The Relationship Between Self-Esteem and the Risk of Self-Harm Among High School Students.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33096/tamaddun.v25i1.1566Keywords:
Self-Esteem, Self-Harm, High School AdolescentsAbstract
Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by various physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that can increase vulnerability to psychological distress. One issue requiring attention is self-harm, which can be associated with difficulties in emotional regulation, family problems, social pressure, and negative self-evaluation. Self-esteem is hypothesized to be an internal protective factor. This study aimed to determine the influence of self-esteem on the risk of self-harm among high school adolescents. A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing correlation analysis and simple linear regression. The study involved 29 respondents, using instruments comprising 10 items measuring self-esteem and 10 items assessing self-harm risk. The results indicated that the majority of respondents (62.1%) fell into the high self-esteem category, while the highest proportion of respondents (44.8%) fell into the moderate category for self-harm risk. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between self-esteem and self-harm risk (r = -0.630; p < 0.001). Simple linear regression analysis also yielded a significant model (F(1,27) = 17.727; p < 0.001) with an R² value of 0.396. The regression coefficient of -1.355 indicates that an increase in self-esteem is associated with a decrease in self-harm risk scores. Thus, self-esteem can be viewed as a protective factor with the potential to support promotive and preventive efforts regarding self-harm risk among adolescents in school settings. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to the relatively small sample size and the multifactorial nature of self-harm.
References
Afrianti, R. (2020). Intensi melukai diri remaja ditinjau berdasarkan pola komunikasi orang tua. Mediapsi, 6(1), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.mps.2020.006.01.5
Ahkam, M. A., Suminar, D. R., & Nawangsari, N. F. (2020). Kesejahteraan di sekolah bagi siswa SMA: Konsep dan faktor yang berpengaruh. Jurnal Psikologi TALENTA, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.26858/talenta.v5i2.13290
Amin, G. (2020). Psikoedukasi mengenai dampak bullying dan cara meningkatkan self-esteem pada remaja. Jurnal Bakti Masyarakat Indonesia, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.24912/jbmi.v3i1.8058
Andani, T. P. (2020). Hubungan penerimaan diri dan harga diri pada remaja dengan orangtua bercerai. Cognicia, 8(2), 222–233. https://doi.org/10.22219/cognicia.v8i2.11540
Arifin, A. M. (2020). Hubungan harga diri remaja dengan penyalahgunaan alkohol. Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan, 6(3), 505–509. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4072478
Arinda, O. D., & Mansoer, W. W. D. (2020). NSSI (nonsuicidal self-injury) pada dewasa muda di Jakarta: Studi fenomenologi interpretatif. Jurnal Psikologi Ulayat. https://doi.org/10.24854/jpu150
Baker, A. C., Wallander, J. L., Elliott, M. N., & Schuster, M. A. (2023). Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: A structural model with socioecological connectedness, bullying victimization, and depression. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 54(4), 1190–1208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-022-01319-6
Calvete, E., Ayala, A., Jiménez-Granado, A., & Orue, I. (2026). Bidirectional associations between cyberbullying victimization, non-suicidal self-injury, and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 98(1), 119–130. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.70045
Daly, O., & Willoughby, T. (2019). A longitudinal study investigating bidirectionality among nonsuicidal self-injury, self-criticism, and parental criticism. Psychiatry Research, 271, 678–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.056
Fox, K. R., Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Kleiman, E. M., Bentley, K. H., & Nock, M. K. (2015). Meta-analysis of risk factors for nonsuicidal self-injury. Clinical Psychology Review, 42, 156–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.09.002
Glenn, C. R., Franklin, J. C., & Nock, M. K. (2015). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.945211
Hadori, R., Hastuti, D., & Puspitawati, H. (2020). Self-esteem remaja pada keluarga utuh dan tunggal: Kaitannya dengan komunikasi dan kelekatan orang tua-remaja. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen, 13(1), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2020.13.1.49
Hawton, K., Saunders, K. E. A., & O'Connor, R. C. (2012). Self-harm and suicide in adolescents. The Lancet, 379(9834), 2373–2382. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60322-5
Klonsky, E. D. (2007). The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(2), 226–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002
Lei, H., Xiong, J., Rao, Y., Zhu, T., & Zhang, X. (2024). Relationships among self-esteem, depression and self-injury in adolescents: A longitudinal study. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1406283. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1406283
Li, J., Gao, Y., Liu, J., Liu, X., & Wang, H. (2024). Impacts of difficulties with emotion regulation on the longitudinal relationship between peer victimization and changes in adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury. Journal of Adolescence, 96(2), 350–359. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12279
Lubis, I. R., & Yudhaningrum, L. (2020). Gambaran kesepian pada remaja pelaku self-harm. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengukuran Psikologi, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.21009/JPPP.091.03
Malumbot, C. M., Naharia, M., & Kaunang, S. E. J. (2020). Studi tentang faktor-faktor penyebab perilaku self injury dan dampak psikologis pada remaja. PSIKOPEDIA, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.53682/pj.v1i1.1612
Mehlum, L., Tørmoen, A. J., Ramberg, M., Haga, E., Diep, L. M., Laberg, S., Larsson, B. S., Stanley, B. H., Miller, A. L., Sund, A. M., & Grøholt, B. (2014). Dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents with repeated suicidal and self-harming behavior: A randomized trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(10), 1082–1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.07.003
Muehlenkamp, J. J., Claes, L., Havertape, L., & Plener, P. L. (2012). International prevalence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-6-10
Naraswari, I. A. M. D., Dantes, N., & Suranata, K. (2020). Pengembangan buku panduan konseling cognitive behavior untuk meningkatkan self-esteem siswa SMA: Studi analisis validitas teoretik. Indonesian Journal of Guidance and Counseling: Theory and Application, 9(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijgc.v9i1.38806
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2022). Self-harm: Assessment, management and preventing recurrence (NICE guideline NG225). https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng225
Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2005). Contextual features and behavioral functions of self-mutilation among adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(1), 140–146. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.140
Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2014). The development of self-esteem. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(5), 381–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414547414
Ougrin, D., Tranah, T., Stahl, D., Moran, P., & Asarnow, J. R. (2015). Therapeutic interventions for suicide attempts and self-harm in adolescents: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(2), 97–107.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.009
Palupi, E. P. D., Sunawan, & Murtadho, A. (2020). The effectiveness of group counseling with stress inoculation training to improve students self-esteem. Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling, 9(3), 164–168. https://doi.org/10.15294/jubk.v9i3.43586
Plener, P. L., Schumacher, T. S., Munz, L. M., & Groschwitz, R. C. (2015). The longitudinal course of non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm: A systematic review of the literature. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 2, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-014-0024-3
Putri, N. R., & Nusantoro, E. (2020). Pengaruh harga diri terhadap kecenderungan perilaku self injury pada siswa SMP Negeri di Kecamatan Tembalang tahun pelajaran 2019/2020. Jurnal Edukasi: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling, 6(2), 139–151. https://doi.org/10.22373/je.v6i2.6324
Rachmawati, I. (2020). Potret harga diri akademik remaja Kota Malang. G-Couns: Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.31316/g.couns.v4i2.819
Richardson, R., Connell, T., Foster, M., Blamires, J., Keshoor, S., Moir, C., & Zeng, I. S. (2024). Risk and protective factors of self-harm and suicidality in adolescents: An umbrella review with meta-analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 53(6), 1301–1322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-024-01969-w
Swannell, S. V., Martin, G. E., Page, A., Hasking, P., & St John, N. J. (2014). Prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in nonclinical samples: Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(3), 273–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12070
Vergara, G. A., Stewart, J. G., Cosby, E. A., Lincoln, S. H., & Auerbach, R. P. (2019). Non-suicidal self-injury and suicide in depressed adolescents: Impact of peer victimization and bullying. Journal of Affective Disorders, 245, 744–749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.084
Victor, S. E., & Klonsky, E. D. (2014). Correlates of suicide attempts among self-injurers: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(4), 282–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.03.005
Wang, S., Xu, H., Zhang, S., Wan, Y., & Tao, F. (2020). Mediating effects of self-esteem in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: The roles of sex and only-child status. Social Science & Medicine, 249, 112847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112847
Wang, Y.-J., Li, X., Ng, C. H., Xu, D.-W., Hu, S., & Yuan, T.-F. (2022). Risk factors for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescents: A meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine, 46, 101350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101350
Wolff, J. C., Thompson, E., Thomas, S. A., Nesi, J., Bettis, A. H., Ransford, B., Scopelliti, K., Frazier, E. A., & Liu, R. T. (2019). Emotion dysregulation and non-suicidal self-injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Psychiatry, 59, 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.03.004
Yates, T. M., Tracy, A. J., & Luthar, S. S. (2008). Nonsuicidal self-injury among 'privileged' youths: Longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches to developmental process. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 52–62. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.52
Zakaria, Z. Y. H., & Theresa, R. M. (2020). Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi perilaku nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) pada remaja putri. Jurnal Psikologi Sains dan Profesi, 4(2), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.24198/jpsp.v4i2.26404
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Faisah Atirah Faisal, Abdul Saman, Ahmad Yasser
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Tamaddun journal agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain the copyright and grant Tamaddun the right of first publication. The work will be licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits others to share the work with proper acknowledgment of the authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors may enter into additional non-exclusive agreements for the distribution of the published version of their work (e.g., posting it to an institutional repository or including it in a book), provided that the initial publication in this journal is acknowledged.
3. Authors are encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their personal websites) before and during the submission process. This can lead to productive exchanges and increase the visibility and citation of the published work.
